Stock structure of blue threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum across northern Australia as inferred from stable isotopes in sagittal otolith carbonate

Abstract Stable isotopes of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C in sagittal otolith carbonates were used to determine the stock structure of the polynemid Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) across tropical northern Australia, where this species is an important component of inshore commercial and recreational fisheries. Stable isotopes from the sagittal otolith carbonate of 470 fish from 11 discrete locations across western, northern and eastern Australia were sampled between 2007 and 2009. Analysis of these stable isotopes revealed different location‐specific signatures, indicating strong population subdivision. The significant differences in the isotopic signatures of E. tetradactylum demonstrated that there is unlikely to be substantial movement of fish between these locations. The spatial separation of these populations indicates a complex fine spatial scale stock structure across northern Australia, with at least 11 stocks or management units present. The population subdivision of E. tetradactylum was evident along expansive stretches of open beach systems and within coastal embayments with no physical barriers such as headlands. These results indicate that optimal fisheries management will require a review of the current spatial arrangements, particularly the potential for localised depletion of stocks on small spatial scales.     

两种不同营养类型水库鲢、鳙肌肉营养成分的比较

实验采用国标(GB)的检测方法,依据联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)的评价标准,对不同营养类型的金沙河水库和桃园河水库的鲢、鳙肌肉营养成分进行了分析比较。结果表明,金沙河水库鲢、鳙的粗蛋白(P<0.05)含量显著高于桃园河水库,金沙河水库鳙的粗脂肪含量显著高于桃园河水库(P<0.05)。两座水库鲢、鳙的氨基酸种类组成相同,但金沙河水库鲢的氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于桃园河水库(P<0.05),而其余氨基酸含量的差异不显著。金沙河水库鲢、鳙的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)均大于桃园河水库。综合这些指标,认为金沙河水库鲢、鳙鱼肌肉品质高于桃园河水库。     

诺贝尔奖在高中生物教学中的应用研究

在总结了高中生物教材中所涉及的诺贝尔生理或医学奖、诺贝尔化学奖内容的基础上,举例探讨了诺贝尔奖知识在高中生物教学中的运用、教学意义以及教师应注意的事项,以期为新课标改革下的生物教学提供参考.     

厌氧水解-移动床生物膜反应器处理香精调料废水的研究

我国的香精调料行业发展很快,废水的成分复杂,浓度高,必须采用多种技术联合处理。针对某食用香精调料企业的废水特点,采用化学混凝预处理、厌氧水解和好氧移动床(MBBR)组合工艺处理,生产性装置的运行效果表明,COD,BOD5,SS和NH3-N等去除效率突出,完全可以达到排放标准,TN和TP的去除效率可分别达到66.3%~69.7%和83.0%~90.2%,其中,TN是由厌氧段反硝化和MBBR同步硝化反硝化实现,TP则通过化学混凝而去除。厌氧水解和MBBR是去除有机物和生物硝化的核心,曝气生物活性炭滤池进一步保证了出水的水质。     

京郊风味甜瓜整枝留果方式探索试验

为提高风味甜瓜的产量,以 "帅果7号"为试验材料,采用随机区组试验方法,设置单蔓整枝留1果、单蔓整枝留2果、双蔓整枝留2果3个处理,研究不同整枝及留果方式对风味甜瓜生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:风味甜瓜单蔓整枝留1果和双蔓整枝留2果效果均佳,果实大小适中,果形周正,果实含糖量以单蔓整枝留1果处理最佳,667 m²产量以双蔓整枝留2果为最佳,种植者可依据销售对象等具体情况选择适当的栽培方式。     

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting sugars, organic acids and other biochemical properties possibly contributing to flavor, identified in four advanced backcross populations of tomato

Although the Advanced Backcross strategy has proven very useful for QTL detection in tomato, it has been used mainly in identifying QTL for agronomic traits such as yield, color, etc. Tomato flavor is an important quality characteristic, yet it has been difficult to assess flavor or traits that affect it. In this study the AB-QTL strategy was applied to four advanced backcross populations to identify QTL for biochemical properties that may contribute to the flavor of processed tomatoes, such as sugars and organic acids. A total of 222 QTL were identified for 15 traits, including flavor as assessed by a taste panel. Correlations of certain biochemicals with flavor and possible methods of assessing and improving flavor are discussed. In particular, QTL with very significant effects associated with the ratio of sugars/glutamic acid, a trait highly correlated with improved flavor, have been identified as good targets for future work in improving the flavor of tomatoes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高职院校基础化学实验学习评价的探索

从评价过程、评价方式、考核内容、成绩构成、考核职能和教学管理等多角度,对多元化的化学实验学习评价体系进行探讨,提出了多元化的考核方式。     

The toxic mixing zone of neutral and acidic river water: Acute aluminium toxicity in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Mixing of acid river water containing aluminium (pH 5.1, Al 345 g.l^–1) with neutral water of a lake (pH 7.0, Al 73 g.l^–1) resulted in water (pH 6.4, Al 245 g.l^–1) with a pH (6.4) and Al concentration (245 g.l^–1) expected to have low toxicity to fish on the basis of current Al toxicity models. However, under semi-field conditions the freshly mixed water (a few sec. after mixing) proved to be highly toxic to brown trout. The fish were exposed to the water at different places along a 30 m channel. At the beginning of the channel acid and neutral water were continuously mixed; the mixed water left the channel after 340 sec. The cells of the gills showed a highly increased rate of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Intercellular spaces were enlarged, and many leucocytes penetrated in these spaces. Mucus release was stimulated to depletion. Plasma chloride levels were hardly affected. There was a clear gradient in the deleterious effects on the fish along the channel. The fish at the beginning of the channel (about 12 sec. after mixing of the water), were severely affected, whereas the fish kept at the end of the channel (340 sec. after mixing) were only mildly affected. In the natural situation fish will relatively quickly pass through a mixing zone. In our study we therefore focused on the effects on fish after a 60 min exposure to a mixing zone (5 sec after mixing), with subsequent recovery in a region downstream of the confluence and in neutral water with low Al. The recovery in the downstream area (at the end of the channel, i.e. 5 min after mixing) was clearly hampered when compared to the recovery in neutral water with low aluminium. Thus, a short exposure to the toxic mixing zone followed by a stay in water downstream of this zone, as may occur in nature, is detrimental to migrating trout. We conclude that freshly mixed acid and neutral water contain toxic components during the first seconds to minutes after mixing, that can not be explained by current models on aluminium toxicity.     

Molecular modeling of soil organic matter: Squaring the circle?

The structure of soil organic matter (SOM) and humic substances (HS) has been discussed from different viewpoints including molecular conformation, molecular aggregation, macromolecularity, supramolecular characteristics, domain mobility, and many others. Until now, the individual models appear partly contradictory, although each viewpoint provides important information on the structural and functional properties of SOM. This is most probably due to the huge heterogeneity of SOM. Therefore, the question: “How can molecular modeling help to further understand structure and functioning of soil organic matter?” needs to be addressed with care. This contribution reviews and discusses the potential of important molecular modeling approaches currently applied in soil organic matter science.Computer models are useful in giving a visualization of the general structure and of the possible effects on soil chemistry and soil physics. Computational chemistry in this context aims to estimate a lowest energy conformation for a molecule or an assembly of molecules specified by the programmer. On the basis of the calculated conformation, physicochemical characteristics like surface area, polarity and other can be estimated and information on the stability of molecular assemblies can be derived. The significance of the obtained conformation and physicochemical information strongly depends on the initial hypothesis of the molecular structure of each involved molecule. Recent computer models have been developed on the base of computer assisted structure elucidation (CASE). In this procedure, all possible isomers or a statistically representative set of isomers consistent with the experimental input data are processed.Further interesting fields of computational chemistry in soil research follow a different conception, where specific processes of interest are elucidated with the help of computational models which simplify the humic molecules with respect to the individual modeling problem. This way helps to understand the relevance of principal processes expected to occur in soil. In this context, complexes of Al with organic acids, clay mineral sorption sites, interactions of pesticides with organic functional groups or organic soil constituents as well as cross-linking of molecule segments by water molecules were modeled in targeted process-orientated models. The act of simplification is the crucial process in these kinds of models, and if the models are based on good conceptions, they allow to learn about potential SOM functioning. The transfer to more complex situations, however, needs special care and the predictive character of these models needs to be judged with care. Still, any computer model is only as good as its initial hypothesis.